~~SPENTA MAINYU~~

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FOOD FOR THOUGHT: "Get rid of your ignorance."

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(Some dates are approximate)

BC
4000-3500	Dawn of the Sumerian culture
3600	Thai bronzes
3300	Canaanites occupy the Holy Land Agricultural villages in Egypt united into two kingdoms
3200	*First hieroglyphic* writing**
3100	Pharaoh Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt
3000-1500	Indus Valley civilisation (Major sites Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro)
2700	First pyramids
2600	Egyptian control over Nubia
2500	Ebla civilisation
2500-1200	*Bronze age Minoan* civilisation on Crete and in neighbouring lands**
2350	*Sargon I (Akkadians)*
2300	Indus Valley civilisation at its peak
2000-1700	Cretan Linear A script (still undeciphered)
1900-1800	A monotheistic (!) revelation to Abraham
1750	Abraham leaves Haran with his entourage
1792-1750	Hammurabi (Amorites)
1730	Hebrew tribes migrate to Egypt under the leadership of Joseph
1700-1550	*Semitic Hyksos* rule in Egypt**
1550	End of the Hyksos period in Egypt and oppression begins
before 1600	*First phonetic alphabet* along the Phoenician coast**
1523	The Shang dynasty (‘Sons of Heaven’) - first large political state in China A writing system with 2,000 characters already in use in China
1500	*Dawn of Greek* Civilisation Aryans enter India via Kashmir**
1440	Moses and the Israelites leave Egypt for the Sinai desert
1400	Probable birth of Zoroaster (1200, 1000, and 600s are also proposed as birth years)
1379-1362	Akh-en-Aten in Egypt (First example of monotheism)
1300	Gathering together of the Vedas
1250	Moses leaving Eypt - Exodus YHWH’s revelation to Moses in Mt. Sinai
1300-1200	Cretan Linear B script records an early Greek dialect
13^th century	Song of Miriam (Exodus) (The Old Testament)
before 1200	Nomadic Hebrew tribes enter Canaan
1200-1000	Dorian Greek invasions of Greece and the Aegean area
12/11^thcentury	*Period of the Judges, Book of the Covenant* (Exodus) (The Old Testament)**
1027	Chou dynasty in China expands the lands of the ‘Sons of Heaven’
1000/1006-961	David becomes king of Israel
1000	Aryan peoples (Persians, Medes) dominate the area of present day Iran Dawn of Zoroastrianism (?) Beginning of the composition of the Psalms. Story of the Ark of the Covenant (Samuel) *» End of 2^nd millennium the first Arab civilisations* start to appear**
1000-722/721	Period of the Kings (Solomon and later two kingdoms) The written source of the “Pentateuch” (The Old Testament) Origin of the written source by the “Elohists” and “Jahvists” . The source we owe to Jahvists used the name “Jahweh” for God and Elohists used the name “Elohim” Jahvists’ work probably originated in southern Judea in 10-9^th centuries BC. and Elohists’ probably in 8^th century BC. in northern Israel. The two works were later merged with one another, and subsequently together with the “Second Book of the Law” (Deuteronomy and the Priestly writings) to form what is known as the “Five books of Moses” - The Torah.
975	Two tribes lost to the house of David
965-926	Solomon (Shlomo)
961-922	Solomon (unites Hebrews in a kingdom)
960	Solomon becomes king of Israel
after 926	Kingdom of Israel in the north; kingdom of Judah in the south
922	Jerusalem sacked by the Egyptians
884	Syrians invade Judah, carry off Jewish captives
870	Prophet Elijah
850	Jerusalem sacked by Philistines
814	Phoenician colony of Carthage
753	Founding of Rome (Legend of Romulus)
750-661	Nubia rules Egypt
722	King Sargon of Agade (Sharru-ken/Sharrum-kin) conquers the northern kingdom of Israel Ten tribes of Israel lost forever
722-698 (721-693)	Hezekiah of Judah The so-called “proto-Isaiah” (=Isaiah), Micah
before 700	First metal coinage introduced by the Lydians in Asia Minor
639/638-609	So-called “Deuteronomistic reform” (621 BC.) by King Josiah of Judah which attempts to put into practice the norms of the ‘Second book of the law-Deuteronomy’. In order to lend importance to it, it was given the style of an address to the people by Moses at the end of their wandering in the wilderness. Deuteronomy (5^th Book of Moses), Habakkuk, Nahum, Zephaniah.
634-546	Thales
6^th century	The lost tribes of Israel settle in northern India
597	First exile Jeremiah (original scroll) (The Old Testament) *A small part of the Book of Ezekiel* (The Old Testament)**
590	Prophet Ezekiel refers possibly to the Temple in Kashmir
586	Babylonians conquer the southern kingdom of Judah under Nebuchadnezzar II. Temple of Solomon destroyed Jewish captivity in Babylon.
586-539/538	Babylonian exile Lamentations (The Old Testament) So-called “deutero-Isaiah” (=Isaiah) (The Old Testament) So-called “Deuteronomical historical work”. These are called deuteronomistic history because having originated probably in the end of the 6^th century they are composed entirely in the spirit of the Deuteronomy. The connection with Deuteronomy is only because of content, it originated not before the 6th century BC. and possibly later. Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, so-called Priestly writings (The Old Testament)
580-500	Pythagoras
563-483	*Siddharta Gautama (Buddha) the ‘Enlightened One’*
551	Birth of Confucius
539	Release of the Jews from Babylon by Cyrus of Persia
539/538-515	Restoration until the consecration of the “Second Temple” So-called “trito-Isaiah” (=Isaiah) (The Old Testament) Haggai, Zechariah (The Old Testament)
539-323(?)	Persian period Joel and so-called “chroniclers” history work (The Old Testament)
522-486	Darius
520	Essenic thoughts spread amongst Greeks and Egyptians
500-300	Buddhism, Jainism, mystical revisions of orthodox Vedism develops in India
5^th century	First writing of the Buddhist suthras
469-399	Socrates
460	Malachi (The Old Testament)
» 450	*Probably Ezra* and Nehemiah (The Old Testament)**
428-347	Plato
425	Babylonian Jews in trade contacts with the East
» 4^th century	Jonah (The Old Testament) Job (could be 3^rd century)
400	Start of Mahabharata
372-287	Diogenes
384-322	Atistotle
353	Jews deported to Hyrcania, near the Caspian Sea
336	Alexander the Great comes to power
334-326	Alexander the Great invades Syria, Egypt, Palestine, Babylon, Persia and NW India
» 320	Hellenistic Era (for about 300 years)
3^rd century	Proverbs and Songs of Solomon (The Old Testament)
around 332	Zechariah (The Old Testament)
310-230	Aristarchus, heliocentric theory in astronomy
» 300	Ramayana Euclid’s geometry
285-246	Beginning of the Septuagint
287-212	Archimedes
276-194	Eratosthenes, world map
274-236	King Asoka of the Maurya dynasty in India
260	Torah translated into Greek
257	*King Asoka sends Buddhist missionaries* to the West**
» 250	Ecclesiastes (The Old Testament)
250	Persian empire ander the Parthians (until 229 AD.) Asoka, the emperor of India sends Buddhist missionaries as far as Marseilles (Roquepertuse)
224	Sassanian dynasty succeding the Parthians (until 651 AD.)
198	Palestine conquered by the Syrian Seleucids
170-160	Book of Esther, Book of Daniel (The Old Testament)
168	Seleucid Antiochus storms Jerusalem and persecutes Jews
168-42	Hasmoneans revive Jewish kingdom
167-164	*Maccabees* Qumran texts
166-160(?)	*First canon of the Bible* - under Judas Maccabeus?**
140	Introduction of Buddhism to China Scattering of Jews around Mediterranean
100	*Compilation of the Dead Sea Scrolls* (Qumran texts) Menelaus. Non-Euclidian geometry**
73	Herod the Great, king of Judaea
63	Pompey of Rome storms Jerusalem
45	Julian calendar
37	Herod of Idumaea king of Judaea
27	Octavian becomes Augustus, Roman emperor (until 14 AD)
7-6	*Birth of Jesus* (?)**
5	*Jesus adopted by Essenes* (?)**
4	Jesus taken to Egypt (?)
AD
0	World population estimated at 170 million
4	Herod Agrippa, Jewish ruler under Romans
6	Achelaus is removed from power; Jesus (12 years old) in the Temple Census carried by Quirinius for Romans (?)
6-28/30	Jesus’ first trip to India
30	Jesus returns from India, and enters Jerusalem
14	First Roman emperor Augustus dies, Tiberius Caesar suceeds as emperor of Rome
20	Return of Jesus to the West, probably journeys to Greece and Britain (?)
21	Gondapharos, king of Gandhara
28(?)	Jesus returns to Palestine
30-35	Crucifixion of Jesus (?) (Choose the year you like, it won’t make any difference!)
33	*Baptism of Jesus by John (?) (probably never happened)*
31-34	John the Baptist murdered (?)
34-35	Ministry of Jesus (?)
35	Paul ’s conversion (?)
36	Jesus with the king of Andrapa
after 36	Jesus in Edessa with the king of Nisibis
37	Holy Shroud taken to Edessa Caligula emperor of Rome
40	Thomas meets Gondapharos at Taxila Jesus in Parthia Death of Mary Magdalene at Kashgar (?)
43	Rome invades Britain; London is founded
49	Jesus and Thomas meet at Taxila Gopadatta rules Kashmir
before 50	Jesus lives in the university town of Taxila (Punjab), and is seen at the court of Gondapharos, the Indo-Parthian king
50	Jesus at the court of king Gopananda (Gopadatta) who ruled about 49-109 Downfall of Gondapharos: Yueh-Chi invasion from Bactria Death of Mother Mary (?) » Middle of the first century AD: New Testament epistles
after 50	Jesus under the name of Yuz Asaf travels as an itinerant preacher in Kashmir and neighboring regions
52	Thomas reaches Malabar
56-120	Tacitus
60	Yuzu Asaph arrives in Kashmir
60-70	Compilation of Gospel of Mark
64	Great fire in Rome Nero begins persecution of Christians Peter crucified
66-70	Series of Jewish rebellions against Rome
67	Paul beheaded in Rome(?)
70	*Pliny’s Historica Naturalis, noting the Essenes* Destruction of Jerusalem and Herod’s Temple by Romans (Titus)
after 70	Jesus meets the local king Shalivahana
73	Fall of Masada
78	Inscription on the Temple of Solomon in Srinagar Shalivahana meets Jesus then leaves Kashmir
78-103	Reign of king Kanishka
79	Mt. Vesuvius erupts, destroys Pompeii; 20,000 die
80	4^th Buddhist Council at Harran (Harwan) in Kashmir
after 80	The body of Jesus entombed in Srinagar
85	Compilation of Gospel of Matthew
90-95	John’s apocalypse Acts of the Apostles (The Old Testament) Further New Testament epistles
98-116	Roman Empire reaches greatest geographical extent
100	World population estimated at 180 million *Establishment of the Hebrew Bible canon at Jabneh* (Jabne-el, Jamnia)**
109	Reputed death of Jesus in Kashmir
110	Official time of compilation of the Gospel of John
115	Sutta compiles Bhavishya Maha Purana
» 150	Second epistle of Peter
163	Bones and relics of Thomas carried from Madras to Edessa
175	Migration of Christians from the West to NW India
182-251	Origen
184	The Roman army carries the great plague from Parthia (Iraq) into the Empire
189	Demetrius deputes Pantaenius to India to preach Christianity
190	Catholic bishops’ power is established and a New Testament canon is formulated
200	World population estimated at 190 million
202	Roman Emperor Septimus Severus makes baptism a criminal act
220	Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkan peninsula
248	Rome celebrates its 1,000^th anniversary
250	Emperor Decius increases persecution of Christians
271	Monasticism begins with Anthony, the first hermit, in Egypt
284-305	The last of the great state persecutions against Christians occurs under Diocletian
286	Roman Empire splits with eastern capital in Byzantium
300	Eusebius writes about the Essenes
306-337	Constantine
312	Constantine accepts Christianity; reunites empire
313	Emperor Constantine issues the Edict of Milan which legalizes Christianity throughout the Roman Empire
325	Council of Nicaea condemns Arianism
328-333	Constantine makes Byzantium his new capital under the name of Constantinople
354-430	Augustine
368	Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, collates the Acta Thomae
375	Eusebius divides New Testament into authentic, disputed and spurious parts
382	Gospel of James and Gospel of Barnabus condemned
396-430	Augustine reigns as bishop of Hippo in North Africa. In 410-426 he writes ‘City of God’.
397	Third Council of Carthage (Augustine) settles final Canon of the New Testament
405	Gospel of James and Gospel of Barnabus proscribed and destroyed
422	Rab Ashi compiles the Jewish Talmud
478	Gospel of Barnabus rediscovered in a tomb in Cyprus
495	Acta Thomae proscribed
496	Gospel of James and Barnabus declared heretical (Decree of Gelasius) Clovis king of the Franks, is baptized in the first mass conversion.
525	Holy Shroud found at Edessa
529	Codex Justinianus
571	*Birth of Mohamed, the Islam prophet (birth year propositions range from 567 to 573 but 571 seems to be the year on which majority of researchers agree)*
590	Columbanus leaves Ireland; founds Continental monasteries
596	The Roman Pope sends Augustine to convert England
600	Talmud finalised
611	Mohamed announces the first revelation from his God
614	Damascus and Jerusalem sacked by Persians. Holy Cross carried away.
622	Hegira to Medina by the Mohammedan Arabs, beginning of the Islamic calendar
632	Mohamed dies
661	Ali - Mohamed’s nephew and son-in-law assasinated; followers found the Shi’ite sect
661-750	Omayyad caliphs
750	Baghdad becomes the seat of the Abbasid caliphs
754	Dionysius Exiguus, a Scythian monk, the Christian Era dating system
800	Amalgamation of Church and State in Rome (Charlemagne)
960	Al Sheikh Al-Said-us-Sadiq completes Ikmal-ud-Din on Jesus’ India Journeys
971-1030	Mahmud of Ghazni
980-1037	Avicenna
1054	Split between Eastern and Western Churches formalized
1055	Seljuk Turks took Baghdad
after 1071	Seljuk Turks rule Persia and Iraq; massive numbers of Turks settle in Asia Minor
1095-1099	The Crusades to wrest Palestine from the Moslems are launched by Pope Urban II.
1099	*Crusader storming of Jerusalem* Crusader states in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch
1126-1198	Averroes
1135-1204	Maimonides
1147	Second Holy War for Jerusalem (response to Second Crusade)
1187	Recapture of Jerusalem from Crusaders by Sultan Saladin
1206	Sultanate of Delhi - Turkish power in India consolidated
1274	Thomas Aquinas dies. He is considered the greatest Catholic thinker.
1290	Cardinal Hugo de S Caro reorganises New Testament
1290-1922	Ottoman era
1306	Holy Shroud relocated to France
1357	Holy Shroud first exposed to devotees
1417	Mir Muhammad’s Rauzat-us-Safa mentions Jesus in Nisibis
1420	Mulla Nadri completes Tarikh-i-Kashmir
1451	Nasir-ud-Din buried beside Jesus’ tomb in Kashmir
1453	Constantinople fell to the Ottomans
1473-1543	Copernicus (promoted heliocentric theory)
1475-1564	Michelangelo
1483-1546	Luther
1455	Gutenberg’s printed Bible
1502-1736	Safavids
1508-1512	Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
1509-1564	Calvin
1514	New Testament in Greek printed
1517	Martin Luther nails 96 Theses to the Wittenberg Chapel. The Protestant Reformation begins.
1521	Martin Luther excommunicated Beginning of Reformation
1523	Talmud printed in Holland
1526-1857(?)	Mughal dynasty of India
1529	Ottoman advance in Europe stopped at Vienna
1534	Founding of the Jesuit order by Loyola (Counter-Reformation) Henry VIII breaks away from the Catholic Church
1545-1547	The first Council of Trent condemns Protestanism.
1561-1626	Francis Bacon
1564	Protestant reformer John Calvin of Geneva dies.
1564-1642	Galileo
1596-1650	Descartes (invents analytic geometry)
1611	King James Bible is published.
1620	The Mayflower carries puritans to America. Colonies are established in New England.
1632-1677	Spinoza
1633	Galileo’s forced retraction
1642-1727	Newton (mechanics unifying cosmic and earthly phenomena)
1646-1716	Leibnitz (together with Newton invents calculus)
1571-1630	Kepler (mathematical laws describing the orbits of the planets)
1578	Holy Shroud taken to Italy
1616	James I’s Authorised Bible appears
1694	Holy Shroud moved to Royal Chapel at Turin
1729	Azam’s Waqiat-i-Kashmir notes Yuzu Asaph’s tomb
1741	Badi-ud-Din Abul Qasım notes one of Apostles is buried at Yuzu Asaph’s tomb
18^th century	Enlightenment
1766	Decree in favour of custodian of Yuzu Asaph’s tomb, by Grand Mufti of Kashmir
1789-1794	The French Revolution tries to de-Christianize France.
1804	The British and Foreign Bible Society seeks to translate the Bible into every language.
1803	A. Wrede writes Account of St. Thomas’ Christians in Malabar
1820	Abdul Qadir, in Hashmat-i-Kashmir, calls Kashmiris descendants of Jews
1823	Thilla publishes Acta Thomae
1848	Communist Manifesto, Marx & Engels
1861	*Moore’s Lost Tribes* traces Jews in Afghanistan and Kashmir**
1870	Acts of Barnabus published in English
1871	Acta Thomae published in English
1872	Meer Izzut-Oolah’s Travels in Central Asia mentions Jesus in Ladakh
1873	The Crucifixion by an Eye-Witness surfaces in USA, proscribed and burnt
1880	**Anti-Semitic Petition in Germany**
1890	*Notovitch’s Life of Saint Issa, based on his findings in Ladakh*
1891	Moore’s Ethnography of Afghanistan Mir Khwand’s Rauzat-us-Safa published in English
1893	Gospel of Peter published by H.B. Swete
1894	*Notovitch’s The Unknown Life of Jesus* published**
1898	Holy Shroud first photographed Threatened demolition of Yuzu Asaph’s tomb
1904	Zionist Movement for establishment of Israel
1907	The Crucifixion by an Eye-Witness published
1908	Mirza Ghulam Ahmad publishes Massih Hindustan Mein Levi’s Aquarian Gospel
1910	Bhavishyat Maha Purana published
1916-1918	Marshall’s excavations at Taxila reveals first century Christian relics
1920	Docker’s If Jesus Did Not Die on the Cross: A Study in Evidence
1936	*Mufti Mohammed Sadiq publishes Qabr-i-Masih,* on Yuzu Asaph’s tomb**
1945	J.D. Shams publishes Did Jesus Die? *Discovery of Nag Hammadi* texts**
1947	First discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Establishment of the State of Israel
1948	World Council of Churches founded. Ecumenical movement starts.
1949	Fragments of Old Testament brought to Jerusalem from Qumran
1950	*Tomb of Mary* in Muree repaired**
1952	Qumran: New fragments *Nazir Ahmad’s Jesus in Heaven on Earth* published**
1953	Robert Graves’ The Nazarene Gospel Restored
1956	Millar Burrows translates Dead Sea Scrolls; Copper Scrolls deciphered
1956	A. Powell Davis’ The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls
1957	*Kurt Berna’s Jesus Nicht am Kreuz Gestorben* and Das Linnen (Turin Shroud)**
1962-1965	The Second Vatican Council revolutionizes the Catholic Church - services are allowed to be held in the vernacular, not just in Latin.
1964	*Aziz Ahmad’s Asrar-i-Kashmir* (Mystery of Kashmir)**
1969	Turin Shroud exposed to scientific investigation
1975	Discovery of slab with Jesus’ foot-marks (by F.M. Hassnain & Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din)
1976	Andreas Faber-Kaiser’s Jesus Died in Kashmir
1977	Die Messias - Legitimation Jesu published by Helmut Gouckel
1977	Turin Shroud studied by NASA scientists
1978	Turin Shroud draws 500,000 visitors. Ian Wilson’s Turin Shroud published International Conference on the Deliverance of Jesus from the Cross, London
1980	Janet L. Brock’s The Jesus Mystery
1982	Diego Rubio Barrera’s Jesucristo
1983	Holger Kersten’s Jesus Lebte in Indien
1984	*E.C.Prophet’s Lost Years of Jesus, drawing together many testimonies*
1987	John Forsström’s King of the Jews
1991	Baigent and Leigh’s The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception
1992	*Barbara Thiering’s Jesus the Man,* on Essene Biblical ciphers**
1993	Publication of many hitherto unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls

discussion